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1996 Winner, NGS Family History Writing Contest

Note: This document is posted as an example for authors interested in entering the annual Family History Writing Contest sponsored by the National Genealogical Society. It has a couple of format differences from the original. Although the original uses footnotes, here they are located at the end of the document. The font styles and sizes used in the online version are dependent upon the settings of the readers browser. The original may be found in the NGS Quarterly, Volume 84 (December 1996): 245-60. Copyright © 1996 by the author, Sandra MacLean Clunies, CG, who has graciously allowed her winning entry to be posted here for the benefit of other contest entrants.

Readers who are unfamiliar with the genealogical numbering system used in this article (and elsewhere) might see Joan F. Curran, Numbering Your Genealogy: Sound and Simple Systems (Arlington, Va.: National Genealogical Society, 1994)

Migrants and Millhands:
The Wardrobes of Lawrence, Massachusetts

"On the morning of Monday, the thirteenth of July began this outbreak, unparalleled in atrocities by anything in American history, and equaled only by the horrors of the worst days of the French Revolution. . . . A body of five or six hundred strong, gathered about one of the enrolling-offices in the upper part of the city, where the draft was quietly proceeding, and opened the assault upon it by a shower of clubs, bricks, and paving-stones torn from the streets, following it up by a furious rush into the office. Lists, records, books, the drafting-wheel, every article of furniture or work in the room, was rent in pieces and strewn about the floor or flung into the street. . . . Police-stations, enrolling-offices, rooms or buildings used in any way by government authority, or obnoxious as representing the dignity of law, were gutted, destroyed, then left to the mercy of the flames."¹

By Sandra MacLean Clunies, CG*

The Civil War was in its third terrible year; and for five days in 1863, New York City was the scene of mob violence as rioters protested against the National Conscription [Draft] Act.² The New York Times carried lurid headlines on 14 July: "Continuation of the RiotÑThe Mob Increased in Numbers . . . Large Number of Rioters Killed . . . Streets Barricaded, Buildings Burned, Stores Sacked, and Private Dwellings Plundered."³ Despite the citys chaos, steamships bearing hundreds of new immigrants from Europe continued to arrive almost daily. Among them was a young Englishman named Charles WardrobeÑaged twenty and a prime candidate for the draft.

WARDROBE ORIGINS

        Hook, in the West Riding of Yorkshire (present county of Humberside), was a small village at the time Charles was born there in 1843. Lying along the River Ouse, just northeast of the busy port of Goole, Hook increased steadily in population during Charles's youth: from 2,159 persons in 1851 to 2,958 in 1861. In the decade after he left, Hook would grow to more than 4,000 souls.⁴ Wardrobe ancestors of Charles lived in many small towns of the areaÑFishlake, Snaith, and Sykehouse, among them. Their descendants remain in York and Goole today.
        William Wardrobe, father of Charles, had been born in Sykehouse. By trade, he was a shoemakerÑas had been his grandfather and likely, also, his great-grandfather.⁵ William and his wife, the former Elizabeth Hobson, produced seven children between 1840 and 1856. Charles, the second of their three sons, lived with the family group at the time of its enumeration in 1851;⁶ in 1861 he did not.⁷ Already eighteen years of age in 1861, he possibly was apprenticed to another tradesman or had moved away. Perhaps he already was interested in the textile manufacturing that had become a primary industry of West Riding.
        Young Charles's departure for America, despite its unrest, appears to have occurred with family blessings. Among the legacies he would leave for his offspring in Massachusetts is a Bible once owned by his paternal grandparents, with entries made by his older brother, George, before his death in 1859 at age eighteen.⁸ Arguably, that Bible could have been shipped to Charles at any point after his relocation to America; but it appears more logical that he brought it with him, as a memento of the family he had left behind and a Godspeed toward his future.
        Embarking in early July 1863, Charles probably spent only ten or so days on his transatlantic journey. In the 1850s, steam-powered vessels began to replace sailing craft as the primary transportation for new immigrants; and in the 1860s, British and German shipowners built fleets of steamships designed specifically for the passenger trade.⁹ Steerage rates, one-way, for the New York to Liverpool trip were $25-$35, American currency.¹⁰ Extant records, unfortunately, do not document Charles's port of embarkation, the ship on which he traveled, or his exact dates of departure and arrival. Late in life, he made up for this loss of detail somewhat—with a brief chronicle of his life, penned in his own hand in a second family bible.¹¹

Charles Wardrobe Born at Hook Yorkshire England on the 15th day of March 1843—came to America in July 1863—Landing in New York July 14th during the Draft Riot. Went through to Canada—Returned to the U States in May 1866 comeing [sic] to Lawrence [Massachusetts], started to work in the Pacific Print Works the midle [sic] of May 1866 and remained there up to his Retirement January 1st 1913 having worked 46 years and 7 months. Held the Possition [sic] of Second Hand in the Finishing Department for over 30 years.

        Charles's reference to Canada appears to explain the lack of an incoming passenger roll for him at the port of New York, and his decision not to go ashore there is understandable.¹² Secretary of State William H. Seward had authorized American diplomatic and consular representatives in Europe, during 1862 and 1863, to publicize the high rate of wages at U.S. factories and mills in an effort to attract new workers.¹³ However, the Union Army had established a recruiting program among arriving immigrants, and many foreigners became soldiers immediately on arrival. Before or during the voyage, Charles likely heard reports that healthy young immigrants were at risk of being conscripted or that they were urged by draftees to accept money to serve as substitutes.
        Charles had left the pastoral Yorkshire countryside to find employment and a new life in North America—but not labor as a gun-toting soldier in a war that could easily end that life. The type of employment he secured, during his Canadian sojourn, remains unknown. The period 1863-66 is a between-census era in Canada, as in the United States; and no known records exist to document further his residence or activities during that time. But his eye stayed turned toward the United States. By the end of the war, industrialization had become the gear that ran New England's economic and social structure, and textile mills needed a massive labor force to rebuild the war-torn American economy. Charles Wardrobe, reared at the bench of a leatherworker, saw his future in the cotton mills. Or, perhaps, the cotton mills selected him.
        The company to which he committed his life was Pacific Print Works (later Pacific Mills) in Lawrence, Massachusetts. The mill had incorporated in 1853 to reap profits from the late-antebellum boom in Southern cotton production. Amid Northern factories, it was socially progressive. The year after Charles's arrival, Napoleon III awarded Pacific a prize of ten thousand francs, proclaiming it to be one of only ten companies in the world selected by a special jury for having "accomplished the most to secure a state of harmony between employers and their work people."¹⁴ Charles had chosen well.
        There at the mills, in all probability, he also found a wife.

ELVIRA CASS

        Like Charles, Elvira's life reflects the fluid migration that occurred between New England, Canada, and New York. She was born in 1842 in Browns Hill, Stanstead County, Quebec—a part of Canada still called the Eastern Townships. Her grandparents, Levi and Betsy (Mosher) Cass, had migrated there in 1800 with kinsmen from Epsom, New Hampshire, and Betsy's parents from nearby Grafton. Three of Levi's brothers were part of a group called the Nine Partners, who acquired land in the Eastern Townships in 1799.¹⁵ There, a cluster of New England families carved new communities from the wilderness above the borders of northern Vermont.¹⁶
        Elvira's parents, Lorenzo Dow and Abigail (Butterfield) Cass, had both been born in the Eastern Townships. Despite the Methodist leanings implied by Lorenzo's name, he married Abigail at Stanstead's Free Will Baptist Church on 26 August 1841.¹⁷ About 1846, with Elvira and another infant, Lorenzo and Abigail moved west to Clinton County, New York, settling near Black Brook. The path they took was an established migration route across Lake Champlain; and their exodus from Canada probably included extended-family members, as other Casses also appear in the 1850 and later censuses of Clinton.¹⁸ Four more children were born to the couple in Black Brook; and most of the Cass offspring remained in the vicinity of Clinton, Essex, and Franklin Counties, New York. Only Elvira and her sisters Mary and Lucerne moved to Massachusetts, where Elvira would marry Charles.
        No naturalization record exists for Elvira because females of her era seldom initiated citizenship proceedings. As children, they took the status of their fathers. Once married, they assumed the allegiance of their husbands. Whether Lorenzo Dow Cass filed for United States citizenship is yet unknown. Elvira's husband, Charles, would be naturalized in October 1872, just months prior to her death.¹⁹ Thus, she died an "American" citizenÑto use the term in its stereotypical context that excludes Canada. In the larger historical view, Elvira was unquestionably "American." Although her immediate forebears had lived in Canada, more-distant ancestors had been early-seventeenth-century immigrants to New England; and Revolutionary War soldiers and patriots are numbered among them.²⁰
        Little is known of Elvira's years in New York. Census records place her with parents and siblings in Clinton County in 1850, where she presumably enjoyed a traditional country lifestyle centered on the family farm, school, and church. The latter was particularly important to her father, as a 1939 letter from one of his granddaughters attests: "He [Lorenzo Dow Cass] used to lead the choir in the days when there was no organ, and used a pitch pipe. He had a fine tenor voice, and often would sit and sing in the evenings the old hymns."²¹
        Amid this tranquil picture, the winds of change blew over the Cass family farm. Five of the six children were girls, and daughters were of limited help in farming. Without several sons to assist in tillage, a farmer could not easily support a large family. Consequently, daughters of this time and place sought work elsewhere, once they reached maturity. Elvira and her sister Mary, aged eighteen and sixteen, are not listed with their parents in Black Brook's 1860 census, nor were they living in any other household in the town.²² It seems likely that they were two of the thousands of girls who responded to the lure of the New England mills.
        Massachusetts millowners actively sought young women from distant farm communities, posting placards in public places to attract workers fifteen to thirty-five years of age. One broadside—circulated around Burlington and Saint Albans, Vermont, and Rouse's Point, New York, by an agent representing mills in Lowell and Chicopee, MassachusettsÑoffered young women

$1.00 a week and board for the first month [after which] they will then be able to go to work at job prices. . . . They will be considered engaged for one year, cases of sickness excepted. . . . All that remain in the employ of the Company eighteen months will have the amount of their expenses to the Mills refunded to them. They will be properly cared for in sickness. It is hoped that none will go except those whose circumstances will admit of their staying at least one year.²³

According to one authority:

By 1860 more than sixty thousand women were employed in the cotton textile industry in New England alone. . . . Mill work attracted young women seeking employment for a brief period before marriage. . . . [It] offered individual self-support, enabled women to enjoy urban amenities not available in their rural communities, and gave them a measure of economic and social independence from their families. . . . Mill towns had a wider range of men to choose among than [was available to] women who remained at home.²⁴

In July 1860, the federal census taker recorded one Almira Cass, aged eighteen, and Mary Cass, aged sixteen, in a Lawrence boardinghouse. The forty-something other inmates were mostly female mill workers. The proprietors of the house reported New Hampshire for the Cass girls' nativity,²⁵ but birthplace data for boarders in a facility this large has a low level of reliability. The names and ages suggest that they were indeed the sisters missing from their home in Black Brook. Their younger sister Lucerne, born in April 1850, also arrived in Lawrence before 1867, when her marriage to Parker Entwhistle was recorded in that mill town.²⁶

CHARLES AND ELVIRA

        On 17 August 1867, Elvira Cass married Charles Wardrobe in Lawrence, a month following the marriage of her sister Lucerne.²⁷ Elvira had long since completed the one-year-minimum labor contract that was standard for the area mills. Now aged twenty-four, she would bear three sons over the next five years. The 1870 census found her, Charles, and their infants living in a neighborhood with other young mill workers of similar backgrounds.²⁸
        Working hours for mill "operatives" were long and arduous. In the 1860s, the shift began at 5:30 a.m., with fifteen-minute breaks for breakfast and dinner; and it ended at 7 p.m. These thirteen-hour workdays, repeated six days of the week, meant that Charles was away from his home and growing family for most waking hours; over the span of his career with Pacific Print Works, it would be reduced to eleven, then ten, hours. In 1912, the year before his retirement, new regulations limited the employment week to fifty-four hours.²⁹
        Elvira died of puerperal fever, just two weeks after the birth of her third son in December 1872.³⁰ She left behind an undated poem in which she penned an elegy of her own death. Perhaps she wrote it amid grief at the loss of her sister Lucerne, just three months before her own passing.³¹ Perhaps she wrote it during her brief final illness following the birth of son George. One can only wonder as one reads from the only words she left behind:

Rear no marble slab for me, No columns grand or rare.
Let my grave all nameless be; Plant one violet there. . . .

Clouds are lowering in my sky. I feel their weight of woe.
Oh, Great Father, tell me why That now I cannot go. . . .

Come quick, Oh Death, and set me free, Save me from sin and woe.
Take me Lord, where sin doth cease, Quick, Father, let me go.³²

        Two days before Christmas 1872, she left Charles to rear three small sons under four years of ageÑincluding a newborn. One of them would die less than four months later, just after his second birthday. Considering that Charles had no other family in the country to help him tend his infants, it is not surprising that he remarried in less than a year. Marilla Woodworth, the new wife of November 1873, was also a Canadian-born mill worker.³³ With her, Charles would have three more children, although none of them left descendants.
        Elvira's two surviving sons never really knew her. Their stepmother reared them. The family attended the Second Baptist Church in Lawrence, where Charles was a deacon; and the church community served as "extended family" for them. On a small scrap of paper tucked away in the family Bible is a note about a Bible class conducted by "Brother Wardrobe."³⁴ After his second wife's death in 1907, Charles made his home with their only surviving child, the daughter Katie.
        The chronicle Charles entered in this Bible cites his retirement on 1 January 1913. Fourteen months later, with World War One siphoning off the labor force, the seventy-one-year-old Charles was invited back to work. Not until the end of the war in 1918 did he retire a second time. The gold-handled cane he received as a parting gift for his more than fifty years with Pacific Print Works still remains in the family.³⁵ Charles, though seventy-five, would live another seven years. Twice during his American residency, Charles returned to EnglandÑsentimental occasions that marked the twenty-fifth and fiftieth anniversary years of his emigration. Passenger records exist to place him on the 1888 journey.³⁶ Family photos remain of the visit in 1913, showing him with his sister Harriet and other kin in the garden of a family home in Yorkshire.³⁷
        Charles's will is dated 6 June 1924, but he did not pen its text. His signature is faint and weak, indicative of his advanced age and possibly poor health. His daughter "Katie E. Wardrobe-Whittier" of Lawrence was appointed executrix, to be exempt from furnishing any surety on her bond. Katie, who had cared for him for two decades, also received the residue of his estate after three other bequests were made. To his son William Lorenzo of Attleboro, Massachusetts, Charles left one thousand dollars and half of his burial lot (with perpetual care) in Lawrence's Bellevue Cemetery. To Williams son Charles Byron went Charles's gold watch and chain. Finally, to his other surviving son, George Ernest of Somerville, Massachusetts, Charles left five hundred dollars with no explanation as to the reason for this son's lesser legacy. Witnesses were John Ashton, John A. Peabody, and Albert F. King Jr.³⁸
        The will was proved the following 27 April 1925, four days after Charles's death. An inventory of 9 June attributes to Charles a two-family dwelling and lot at 415 Lowell Street in Lawrence, valued at six thousand dollars, and a two-family dwelling at 62 Warren Street, also in Lawrence, valued at thirty-five hundred dollars.³⁹ Charles, both of his wives, and five of his six children are all buried at the Bellevue Cemetery in Lawrence. Only George lies elsewhere.⁴⁰
        Charles and Elvira (Cass) Wardrobe made significant breaks with their pasts moving far from family and cultural origins. The traditional rural environment in which they had been reared, with generations of skilled handiwork by farmers and craftsmen, gave way to the new urban lifestyle that characterized the industrialized New England of the 1860s. The courage and challenges of their generation need to be documented and valued by all who descend from immigrants of that era.

GENEALOGICAL SUMMARY: THREE GENERATIONS
        1. Charles E.¹ Wardrobe (William^A, George^B, George^C?), son of William and Elizabeth (Hobson) Wardrobe, was born 15 March 1843 at Hook, West Riding, Yorkshire, England;⁴¹ died 23 April 1925 at Lawrence, Essex County, Massachusetts.⁴² He married, first, 17 August 1867 at Lawrence, Elvira L. Cass, daughter of Lorenzo Dow and Abigail (Butterfield) Cass. Elvira had been born 23 June 1842 at Brown's Hill, Stanstead County, Quebec, Canada; and died 23 December 1872 at Lawrence.⁴³ Charles married, second, 26 November 1873 at Lawrence, Marilla Woodworth,⁴⁴ daughter of Lewis and Katherine (Stevens) Woodworth; Marilla had been born 28 June 1847 at Hillsboro, New Brunswick, Canada; and died 15 January 1907 at Lawrence.⁴⁵
        Typical of their era, Charles's name appears in a variety of public and printed records, while Elvira stands in his shadow. Both of their surviving sons are attributed to Marilla as long as they lived with their father; in the 1880 census, even Marilla's place of nativity (New Brunswick) is cited as "mother's birthplace" for Elvira's sons.⁴⁶ In 1900 William still lived in the parental home and his "mother's birthplace" remained New Brunswick. George, newly married and living in Lawrence that year, hardly remembered his mother better; his census entry asserts that she was a native of New York.⁴⁷ Other public records vary widely, indicating many errors by transcribers or clerks.
        Children of Charles E.¹ Wardrobe and wife Elvira L. Cass were

+	2	i.	WILLIAM LORENZO² WARDROBE, born 7 April 1869 at Lawrence;⁴⁸ died 16 May 1935, Norton, Bristol County, Massachusetts.⁴⁹ He married 6 June 1906 at Lowell, Massachusetts, Jessie A. Earle.⁵⁰
	3	ii.	JOHN LINVILLE CLARK WARDROBE, born 1 April 1871, Lawrence; died there 20 April 1873.⁵¹
+	4	iii.	GEORGE ERNEST WARDROBE was born 8 December 1872, Lawrence;⁵² died 30 August 1957 at Lexington, Middlesex County, Massachusetts.⁵³ He married 12 October 1898, West Lebanon, Grafton County, New Hampshire, Josie Ellen Wood.⁵⁴

Children of Charles E.¹ Wardrobe and wife Marilla Woodworth were

5	iv.	KATHERINE ELIZABETH "KATIE" WARDROBE, born 9 October 1874 at Lawrence; died there 27 February 1941.⁵⁵ She married Claude Whittier after 1920, when the census enumerated her as an unmarried, forty-five-year-old saleswoman for a dry-goods store.⁵⁶ Claude died 16 May 1924, aged sixty-seven.⁵⁷ They left no issue.
6	v.	MINNIE LUELLA WARDROBE, born 29 July 1876 at Lawrence; died there on 6 October 1905, aged twenty-nine, unmarried.⁵⁸ the obituaries for Minnie's mother relate her deep grief over Minnie's death, a factor that may have contributed to Marilla's own demise fifteen months later.⁵⁹
7	vi.	ROWLAND CHARLES WARDROBE, born 19 December 1891 at Lawrence; died there 6 December 1892, at eleven months.⁶⁰

        2. William Lorenzo² Wardrobe (Charles E.¹, William^A, George^B, George^C?) was born 7 April 1869 at Lawrence;⁶¹ and died 16 May 1935 at Norton, Bristol County, Massachusetts.⁶² He married 6 June 1906 at Lowell, in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, Jessie A. Earle, who had been born about 1882 in New Brunswick, Canada, as daughter of Frederick and Eliza D. (Earle) Earle.⁶³ Jessie died 23 February 1962.⁶⁴
        Like many mill-working families of the early-twentieth century, this one made several moves, although all were in the state of Massachusetts. William was still in Lowell when the family provided data for his stepmother's obituary.⁶⁵ By 1911, he had relocated to Ware, Hampshire County; and a son Melvin was born two years later in Fall River, Bristol County.⁶⁶ The 1920 census taker found them in Fall River still, but by 1925 they had returned to Attleboro.⁶⁷ William continued mill work, as an overseer in the bleachery section, up to ten days before his demise. According to his death certificate, he died suddenly of heart disease in Norton, a small town near Attleboro.⁶⁸
        Children born to William Lorenzo² Wardrobe and his wife, Jessie A. Earle, were

	8	i.	CHARLES BYRON² WARDROBE, born 18 November 1907 at Lowell, died 19 May 1963, in MassachusettsÑpossibly in Arlington, Middlesex County, the site of his burial.⁶⁹ Charles, who served in the U.S. Army for over twenty years, met and married in Germany, 8 May 1948, Hildegarde Agnes Hadamik (born 2 January 1918), by whom he had no issue.⁷⁰
	9	ii.	MILDRED EVELYN WARDROBE, born 16 February 1911 at Ware, Massachusetts; died 11 September 1954 at Attleboro. A spinster, Mildred lived with her mother all her life and worked in Attleboro music stores.⁷¹
+	10	iii.	MELVIN EARLE WARDROBE, born 26 December 1913 at Fall River, Massachusetts; died 3 June 1984 at Pittsfield (residence: East Otis), Berkshire County, Massachusetts.⁷² He married 3 August 1939 in Attleboro, Helena Constance Palagi, who had been born 2 March 1914 at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, as daughter of Adolph and Louisa (Luchesi) Palagi.⁷³ Melvin, an Army veteran of World War Two, retired in 1976 after twenty-three years' employment in Bridgeport, Connecticut. He and Helena also lived in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. They had one daughter who married and has children.⁷⁴

        4. George Ernest² Wardrobe (Charles E.¹, William^A, George^B, George^C?) was born 8 December 1872 at Lawrence; and died 30 August 1957 at Lexington, Middlesex County, Massachusetts.⁷⁵ He married 12 October 1898 at West Lebanon, Grafton County, New Hampshire, Josie Ellen Wood, daughter of Jeremiah and Martha Ellen (Dickinson) Wood.⁷⁶ Josie had been born 25 January 1876 at West Lebanon; she died 11 October 1964 at Lexington.⁷⁷
        After completing high school, George apprenticed himself to a Lawrence drugstore, Charles E. Clarke and Sons.⁷⁸ However, Josie's older brother (also named George) was employed at Pacific Mills; and it was likely through him that Charles met Josie, whose family still lived in New Hampshire. George Wardrobe continued to work at Clarke's until 1912, when he bought a drugstore in West Somerville, now a suburb of Boston, and moved his young family there. Eventually, he added another store and changed locations—all within West Somerville—while Josie operated her own gift shop for many years in one of their buildings.⁷⁹
        Moving to West Medford, on the outskirts of Somerville, George and Josie remained in their new home for almost twenty years. Both were active in community organizations—George as a charter member of the Somerville Lodge, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, and a member of the Aleppo Temple Shrine; Josie as a member of the National Society, Daughters of the American Revolution. In 1948, when George was seventy-five, they sold their West Somerville stores and moved to Lexington, Massachusetts, where they remained for the rest of their lives. George never officially retired, though. He purchased a historic business building in adjacent East Lexington and opened another pharmacy. His son Roland assumed increasing responsibility for the family business, but George went to his store every day until shortly before his death at age eighty-four. A member of the Lexington Baptist Church, he was a familiar figure in that town. The historic building he owned for many years still stands and is preserved in print.⁸⁰
        Children born to George Ernest² Wardrobe and his wife, Josie Ellen Wood, were

	11	i.	MURIEL ARLINE³ WARDROBE, born 26 January 1900; died 21 January 1923. She married 21 June 1922 at Somerville, Massachusetts, Lawrence Parsons Marshall.⁸¹ A childhood bout with scarlet fever had left Muriel with a weakened heart. She succumbed to rheumatic heart disease just seven months after her wedding, leaving no children.⁸²
+	12	ii.	PHYLLIS CASS WARDROBE, born 6 November 1906 at Lawrence; died ll December 1995 at Venice, Sarasota County, Florida.⁸³ She married, first, 14 June 1930 at Somerville, Massachusetts, Daniel Fraser MacLean, who had been born 14 May 1903 at Orangedale, Inverness County, Nova Scotia, and died 11 April 1952 at Waltham in Middlesex County.⁸⁴ The son of Murdock and Mary Ann (MacLeod) MacLean of Nova Scotia, Daniel graduated from Boston University, attended Harvard Law School, and served in World War Two's Pacific theater as a lieutenant commander, U.S. Naval Reserves. Phyllis, who also attended Boston University, graduated from the Katherine Gibbs School. Phyllis and Daniel had two daughters, both of whom married and have children and grandchildren.⁸⁵ Phyllis married, second, on 11 December 1965 at Lexington, Massachusetts, Hallock Snyder Marsh.⁸⁶ The son of Charles Archibald and Jennie Edna (Curtin) Marsh, Hallock was born 9 April 1902 at Brooklyn, Kings County, New York, and died 25 July 1980 at Venice, Florida.⁸⁷ An electronics scientist, Hallock retired from federal employment in 1965 to continue his interest in watercolor painting. Phyllis, who worked professionally as a secretary and buyer until 1971, gained much acclaim in Venice, after her own retirement, for her whimsical clay sculptures.⁸⁸ Phyllis grew up unaware of the origin of her own middle name, Cass. She knew well her grandfather, Charles Wardrobe, who had died when she was eighteen; but she knew him only as an elderly widower and never learned much of his history from other family members. She recalled him as a serious and religious person, "quite stern and not too fond of noisy visiting grandchildren!"⁸⁹ Her grandmother Elvira, she knew only from a few photos that remained in the family. It was not until one of her daughters began genealogical research in the 1980s that Phyllis recalled hearing anything about this grandmother. The poem Elvira had written remained tucked away in the family bible, forgotten for many years.
+	13	iii.	ROLAND MILTON WARDROBE, born 21 May 1908 at Lawrence; died 23 August 1987 at East Dennis, Barnstable County, Massachusetts. He wed 26 June 1936, Irene Dallas Hall, daughter of John S. and Vendla Marian (Ohlson) Hall. Irene had been born 26 April 1909 at Dallas, Texas; she died 5 December 1987 at East Dennis. Graduating from the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy, Roland operated Wardrobe's Pharmacy with his father, retiring in the 1970s. Irene was a talented artist and left many drawings and sketches of family members. From the 1950s to the 1970s, the couple owned and lived in a historic Lexington home, the Sanderson House (built 1686), at 1314 Massachusetts Avenue. They had two daughters, one of whom married and has children and a grandchild.⁹⁰
	14	iv.	JOSEPHINE JENNISON WARDROBE, born 24 May 1911 at Lawrence; died 11 April 1990 at Wakefield, Middlesex County, Massachusetts.⁹¹ She married 14 June 1946, at West Medford in Middlesex, Carl Bulkeley Norris, who had been born 5 March 1908 and died 11 August 1971 at Melrose in Middlesex County.⁹² A graduate of Colby Junior College and Tufts University, Josephine was a legal secretary and a skilled photographer. Carl, a graduate of Bowdoin College, was a banker. They adopted two sons who were biological brothers, one of whom had children.⁹³

CONCLUSION

        Large families are commonly believed to have been the "norm" in premodern society; yet many lines tapered to extinction, as Charles Wardrobe's almost has. Many of the marvels of modern medicine were yet undiscovered and death was a more-frequent visitor. Many women died during or soon after childbirth, from infections now treatable with medication. Children died in large numbers of now-preventable or curable diseases, such as diphtheria, scarlet fever, tuberculosis, and whooping cough.
        Charles Wardrobe sired six children in two marriages, but only two sons produced descendants. In the fourth generation from Charles, there are but four females living today who are parents themselves. Thus, the line has "daughtered out" in America. It soon will in England.⁹⁴ Situations such as this make the gathering and recording of a family history even more significant.
        Recent efforts to restore the Ellis Island Immigration Center in New York City have attracted widespread attention. But Charles Wardrobe did not see the Statue of Liberty when he arrived in 1863; this gift from France to the United States was not in place in New York Harbor until 1886. Charles did not pass through Ellis Island, because that facility did not open until 1892. However, the desire of Americans to honor their immigrant ancestors and the appeal of this worthy endeavor has inspired the present writer—a descendant of many immigrants—to purchase a nameplate on the American Immigrant Wall of Honor, created by the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation. The certificate of registration presents a message that applies to all our immigrant ancestors, whenever and from wherever they journeyed:

Charles Wardrobe
Came to the United States of America from
England
joining those courageous men and women who came to this country in search of
personal freedom, economic opportunity and a future hope for their families.

To remember Elvira, it would be meaningful to visit the Bellevue Cemetery in Lawrence and "plant one violet there."

NOTES and REFERENCES

        *6 Briardale Court, Derwood, MD 20855-2027. Ms. Clunies, Certified Genealogical Record Specialist, was previously first runner-up in the 1994 NGS Family History Writing Contest with her study of a Wood family. A specialist in New England research, she is also the author of two books on the application of computer technology to genealogical compilations and family reunions.
        1. Richard B. Morris and James Woodress, eds., Voices from America's Past, vol. 2, Backwoods Democracy to World Power (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1961), 174.
        2. U.S. Congress, 3 March 1863; see The Statutes at Large of the United States of America. vol. 12, Dec. 5, 1859 to March 3, 1863, G. P. Sanger, ed. (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1863), 731.
        3. New York Times, 14 July 1863, p. 1, col. 1.
        4. Thomas Langdale, A Topographical Dictionary of Yorkshire (Northallerton, Eng.: J. Langdale, 1822); text is unpaginated on the version available electronically at <http://midas.ac.uk/genuki/>, updated 17 May 1996. This web site offers an excellent and growing collection of data on the United Kingdom and Ireland.
        4. For the above population statistics, see Census of England and Wales, 1861, Part 2, Tables of the Area, Houses, and Population in Superintendent Registrars' Districts and Poor Law Unions, Division IXÑYorkshire (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1862), 620 [which includes 1851 statistics]; and Census of England and Wales, 1871, vol. 2, Tables of Area, Houses, and Inhabitants, Division IXÑYorkshire (London: HMSO, 1872), 446.
        5. Grandparents of Charles were George and Rachel (Heald) Wardrobe and Timothy and Elizabeth (Shaw?) Hobson, all of Yorkshire. George Wardrobe, shoemaker, was likely the son of a George Wardrobe, shoemaker, baptized in Well, Yorkshire, in 1748. Documentation of this English ancestry, which lies beyond the limitations of this paper, is available from the writer.
        6. 1851 English cens., West Riding of the co. of York, Hook village and twp., microfilm H.O. 10, 107-2350, enumeration district 2a, folio 223, p. 8, household 32 (30 March): William Wardrobe, 38, master shoemaker; Elizabeth, 38 (wife); George, 11 (son); Harriot, 9 (daughter); Charles, 8 (son); Rachel, 6 (dau.); Sophia, 4 (dau.); and Anne, 3 months (dau.); also living in household: Joseph Schofield, 18 (journeyman); in Public Record Office [PRO], London.
        7. 1861 English cens., W. Riding of the co. of York, Hook village and twp., PRO microfilm R.G. 9, 3529, enum. dist. 9, folio 48, p. 14, fam. 76 (7 April): William Wardrobe, 47, shoemaker; Elizabeth, 47 (wife); Sophia, 14 (dau.); Anne, 10 (dau.); Tom, 5 (son).
        8. George Wardrobe Bible, The Christian's Complete Family Bible . . . (Liverpool: Nuttall, Fisher and Dixon, 1809), in possession of Frances Faye (Wardrobe) Bachman of Ansonia, Conn. It contains birth data for all children of William and Elizabeth (Hobson) of Hook and other family data through the generation of Charles's son William Lorenzo. The first entries are headed "George Wardrobe Book, Son of Elizabeth and William Wardrobe left by His grandfather and granmother [sic] george and rachel Wardrobe."
        9. Maldwyn Allen Jones, American Immigration, 2d ed. (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1992), 148-59.
        10. New York Times, 15 July 1863, p. 3, col. 3.
        11. Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments together with the Apocrypha: Translated out of the Original Tongues and with the Former Translations Diligently Compared and Revised, to Which is Appended a Concordance, the Psalms of David in Metre, an Index, Tables, and Other Useful Matters; The Text Conformable to the Standard of the American Bible Society (Boston: Ira Bradley, n.d.), in possession of Sarah Jenison (Wardrobe) Peel of East Dennis, Mass. The bible is dated as circa "1860s" by Ben Muse, a bibliographic expert of East Dennis, who examined it in October 1995 and approximated its publication on the basis of the printing process used for the illustrations and the style and decoration of the binding. The date is contemporary with Charles's first marriage in 1867.
        11. This Charles Wardrobe Bible passed from his daughter, Katherine Elizabeth Wardrobe, to her half brother, George, at her death in 1941. It was inherited by George's son, Roland, in 1964 and by Roland's daughter, Sarah, in 1987. In Charles's own writing (confirmed with samples from his will and naturalization records) are the dates of his two marriages, the birth dates of his wives and all his children, and the death dates of his wives and the three children who predeceased him. Other entries of births, marriages, and deaths from 1925-54 were written by several family members over the years, including George, Roland, and Georges wife, Josie.
        12. Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at New York, New York, 1820-1897, microcopy M237, roll 230 (17 June-9 July 1863) and 231 (10-30 July 1863), National Archives [NA], Washington, D.C., reports arrivals from England during the period stated by Charles. Specifically: the Columbia (13 July), the Lidon from Liverpool (14 July), and the Persia and Borussia (15 July). Although Charles states that he "landed" on the fourteenth, several dates must be considered when tracking arrivals. Ships would enter the harbor and anchor until they were boarded and cleared. Depending on the origin of the ship, this might take one to four days. The British ship Corsica, for example, appears with new immigrants listed by the Times on 14 July, with a note that it "came up to the City today from the Quarantine," having originated in Nassau and Havana. However, the microfilmed passenger lists (cited above) report that the Corsica "arrived" on 10 July.
        12. 1900 and 1910 census data for Charles's report that he immigrated in 1870 and 1869. In light of his statement in his family Bible, the census dates are deemed incorrect. For that data, see: 1900 U.S. cens., pop. sch., Essex Co., Mass., Lawrence, p. 111A, dwell. 143, fam. 176, NA microfilm T623, roll 643; and 1910 U.S. cens., pop. sch., Essex Co., Mass., Lawrence, enumeration district 355, sheet 3, Lowell St., fam. 66, NA microfilm T624, roll 583.
        13. Jones, American Immigration, 148.
        14. Maurice B. Dorgan, History of Lawrence, Massachusetts, with War Records (Lawrence: p.p., 1924): 113-15.
        15. B. F. Hubbard, comp., The History of Stanstead County, Province of Quebec, with Sketches of More than Five Hundred Families (1874; reprinted, Bowie, Md.: Heritage Books, 1985), 37.
        16. Joel Andres, "The Pattern of Pioneer Migrations to Stanstead County, 1793-1840," Stanstead Historical Society Journal 7 (1977): 43-50.
        17. Lorenzo Dow (1777-1834), a Conn.-born, itinerant, Methodist preacher, left many namesakes across America and the British Isles. For the Cass-Butterfield marriage, see Marriages in the District of St. Francis of the Eastern Townships, Quebec, 1815 to 1879, 2 vols. (Sherbrooke, Quebec: La Société de Généalogie des Cantons de l'Est, 1987), 117, 130.
        18. 1850 U.S. cens., pop. sch., Clinton Co., N.Y., Black Brook, p. 76, dwell. 319, fam. 331, NA microfilm M432, roll 489. The birth pattern of the children in this household dates the migration: Alvira, 8, b. Can.; Mary, 6, b. Can.; Levi, 3, b. N.Y.; and Almira, 1, b. N.Y. Levi, aged 3 on 1 June 1850 (the official census date), would have been b. between 2 Jun 1846 and 1 June 1847. The father's death record, dated 11 September 1889 states that he had lived in the United States for 42 years. The mother's death record, dated 6 April 1900, states she had lived in the U.S. for 52 years. Those two documents, if their data are correct, bracket the removal between 12 September 1846 and 7 April 1847. See Lorenzo Dow Cass death record, no. 32494, and Abigail Butterfield Cass death record, no. 13604; both in N.Y. Dept. of Health, Vital Records Section, Genealogy Unit, Albany.
        18. For more on N.Y.-Canada migration routes, see Althea Douglas, "The Eastern Townships: Settlement," Canadian Genealogist 10 (June 1988): 105-9.
        19. Charles E. Wardrobe naturalization, Superior Criminal Court of Essex Co., Mass., certificate 19-981. A Works Progress Administration [WPA] index to these records, compiled in the 1930s, is available as Index to New England Naturalization Petitions, 1791-1906, NA microfilm M1299, roll 116.
        20. Particularly see Theophilus Cass pension file, no. W22729, Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty Land Warrant Application Files, NA microfilm M804, roll 495; and Polly/Molly (Widow David) Merrill pension file, no. W25695, NA microfilm M804, roll 1713. Theophilus was Elvira's uncle, her Cass lineage being Lorenzo⁷, Levi⁶, Simon⁵, John⁴, Jonathan³, Joseph², John¹. The soldier David Merrill was her maternal great-grandparent; through him, her lineage to early New England was David⁵, Abraham⁴, Jonathan³, Abraham², Nathaniel¹ Merrill. No published source gives the full Cass and Merrill lines for Elvira with adequate proof. Doing so goes far beyond the limits of the present article, but the documentation is available from the writer.
        21. Letter from Constance Entwhistle Hoar, published in the Stanstead [Quebec] Journal, 13 December 1945.
        22. 1860 U.S. cens., pop. sch., Clinton Co., N.Y., Black Brook, p. 1081, dwell. 2271, fam. 2291, NA microfilm M653, roll 736.
        23. This broadside is presented in both Wilbur E. Garrett, ed., Historical Atlas of the United States (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 1988), 149; and Thomas Dublin, Transforming Women's Work: New England Lives in the Industrial Revolution (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1994), 78. These two secondary sources, both of seeming high quality, attribute the flyer to the same repository (Baker Library, Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, Boston) but disagree as to date; Garrett cites it as 1870, Dublin as 1859.
        24. Thomas Dublin, Women at Work: The Transformation of Work and Community in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1826-1860 (N.Y.: Columbia Univ. Press, 1981), 6, 31, 40, 54.
        25. 1860 U.S. cens., pop. sch., Essex Co., Mass., Lawrence, p. 375, dwell. 1880, fam. 2447, NA microfilm M653, roll 498.
        26. Cass-Entwhistle marriage record, Mass. Vital Records, 1867, vol. 199:210.
        27. Charles Wardrobe Bible. The 1872 marriage of Mary Cass to Rufus Clap also appears there. The marriage place is unknown, as is his occupation. The couple has not been found on the 1880 census soundexes for Mass. or N.Y., although the bible attributes to them four children born between 1873 and 1883.
        28. 1870 U.S. cens., pop. sch., Essex Co., Mass., Lawrence, dwell. 204, fam. 284, NA microfilm M593, roll 609.
        29. Dorgan, History of Lawrence, 54.
        30. The death registration mistakenly identifies her as "Eloisa L." Wardrobe but correctly gives her age as 30 years, 6 months, and cites her parents as Lorenzo and Abigail Cass, both born in Can.; see Mass. Vital Records, 1872, vol. 247:251.
        31. The Charles Wardrobe Bible contains a six-page collection of Cass-family information, compiler unknown. It lists birth, death, and marriage dates for Lorenzo Dow Cass and all his children, as well as some descendants up to 1945—at which time the Bible was owned by George Wardrobe, son of Charles's marriage to Elvira Cass.
        32. This poem has been saved in the Wardrobe Family Papers, in possession of the present writer; but only typed copies remain. Untitled, it runs for several stanzas more than those reprinted here. The top of the typed sheet states simply "Poem by Elvira Wardrobe."
        33. Charles Wardrobe Bible.
        34. Ibid.
        35. The cane is presently owned by Sarah Jenison (Wardrobe) Peel of East Dennis, Mass.
        36. Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Boston, Massachusetts, 1820-1891, NA microfilm M277, roll 107; see the list for S.S. Catalonia, arriving at Boston, 12 August 1888, line 18: "Charles Wardrobe, 45 years, male, Mill Hand, U.S.A. Citizen, U.S.A. destination, Intermediate space occupied, 3 pieces of luggage."
        37. These photographs are in possession of the present writer.
        38. Essex Co., Mass., Probate File 151780.
        39. Ibid.
        40. Lot 99, Group 10, as per records and map provided in 1995 by James A. Carroll, superintendent, Bellevue Cemetery, to the present writer. This copy of the burial records contains two errors: it names Elvira as Clarissa and calls the infant who died in 1873 by the name Charles instead of John Linville Clark Wardrobe, as he properly was. Elvira's tombstone actually reads Elvira L.; her child's reads John L. C.
        41. Charles Wardrobe birth certificate, no. BXB 578397, Dist. of Goole, Yorkshire, issued 9 August 1989, General Record Office, London. Charles's naturalization record mistakenly cites his birth date as 15 March 1845 instead of 1843, apparently a clerical copying error. See Superior Criminal Court of Essex Co., Mass., no. 19-981.
        42. Charles Wardrobe death record, Mass. Vital Records, 1925, vol. 35:511.
        43. Elvira L. Wardrobe death record, Mass. Vital Records, 1872, vol. 247:251, no. 717.
        44. Charles Wardrobe Bible.
        45. Marilla Woodworth [Woodward] Wardrobe death record, Mass. Vital Records, 1907, vol. 53:466.
        46. 1880 U.S. cens., pop. sch., Essex Co., Mass., Lawrence, p. 531, dwell. 75, fam. 97, NA microfilm T9, roll 530. The surname is misspelled as Wardnell.
        47. 1900 U.S. cens., pop. sch., Essex Co., Mass., Lawrence, ward 5, p. 111A, dwell. 143, fam. 176 (Charles Wardrobe); and ward 5, p. 494, dwell. 13, fam. 17 (George Wardrobe), NA microfilm T623, roll 643.
        48. Charles Wardrobe Bible.
        49. Ibid.; also Wm. Lorenzo Wardrobe death record, Mass. Vital Records, 1935, vol. 68:202.
        50. Wardrobe-Earl marriage, Mass. Vital Records, 1906, vol. 562:482, no. 394.
        51. The Charles Wardrobe Bible gives this child's full name and birth and death dates, identifying him as John Linville Clark Wardrobe; his tombstone at Bellevue presents his name as John L. C. Wardrobe. The cemetery office records, as previously mentioned, record his name as Charles. His birth record, Mass. Vital Records, 1871, vol. 232:223, records his name only as John.
        52. Mass. Vital Records present two birth records for George, both for 8 December of two consecutive years. Registrations for 1872, vol. 241:259, show the birth of George to Charles (b. Eng.) and Elvira (b. Can.). The 1873 registration, vol. 259: 259, shows birth of George to Charles (b. Eng.) and "Viola" (b. "Blandbrook"). Custodians of these records explain that sometimes doctors filed "late reports," but this appears to be a simple clerical error. George was born 8 December 1872, according to the Charles Wardrobe Bible.
        53. George E. Wardrobe death record, Mass. Vital Records, 1957, vol. 60:371, no. 165.
        54. Wardrobe-Wood marriage, Mass. Vital Records, 1898, vol. 478:395, records (for the city of Lawrence) this couple's marriage in Lebanon, N.H.
        55. Charles Wardrobe Bible gives birth and death dates. Bellevue Cemetery records also give this death date.
        56. 1920 U.S. cens., pop. sch., Essex Co., Mass., enum. dist. 125, sheet 10, 415 Lowell St., dwell. 108, fam. 210, NA microfilm T625, roll 692.
        57. Bellevue Cemetery records.
        58. Charles Wardrobe Bible.
        59. Marilla (Mrs. Charles E.) Wardrobe obituaries, from undated, unidentified newspaper clippings tucked into the Charles Wardrobe Bible. The shortest of these memorials states: "Her illness seems to date back to the death of her youngest daughter, Minnie, some 15 months ago, for whom she grieved continually and could not be comforted."
        60. The Charles Wardrobe Bible uses three spellings of this child's first name: Rowland, Rolland, and Roland, written in Charles's own handwriting. The child's birth record, Mass. Vital Records, 1891, vol. 412:391, shows Harold C. was born on 19 December 1891 to Charles and Marilla. There is no evidence that twins were born. Mass. Vital Records, 1892, vol. 427:408, records the death of Roland C., aged 11 months, son of Charles and Marilla, attributing the death to "brain fever."
        61. Charles Wardrobe Bible (for birth record).
        62. Wm. Lorenzo Wardrobe death record, Mass. Vital Records, 1935, vol. 68:202.
        63. Wardrobe-Earle marriage, Mass. Vital Records, 1906, vol. 562:482, no. 394.
        64. Bellevue Cemetery records provide a death date and age at death. For her birthplace, see birth registrations of her two sons, Charles B. Wardrobe (Mass. Vital Records, vol. 567:516) and Melvin Earle Wardrobe (Mass. Vital Records, 1914, vol. 622:436); both cite the birth in Calais, Maine. However, her marriage record (Mass. Vital Records, 1906, vol. 562:482) states that she was born in New Brunswick. Her daughter-in-law states that the Earle family lived in Maine, with property in adjacent New Brunswick; interview with Helena C. Wardrobe, December 1995, East Otis, Mass.
        65. Marilla Wardrobe obituaries, undated clippings from unidentified newspapers, tucked in Charles Wardrobe Bible.
        66. Mildred E. Wardrobe obituary (clippings from unidentified newspaper of 13 September 1954, tucked in Charles Wardrobe Bible) cites Mildred's birth date and birth place. Also see Melvin Earle Wardrobe birth record, 1913, vol. 615:293, no. 3185; see also 1914, vol. 622: 436, no. 86. This is the second family member for whom the Mass. Vital Records present two registrations a year apart. The 1913 date is given as 26 December; the 1914 date as 28 December. The 1913 date is supported by the Charles Wardrobe Bible.
        67. 1920 U.S. cens., pop. sch., Bristol Co., Mass., Fall River, enum. dist. 93, sheet 4A, dwell. 37, fam. 80, NA microfilm T625, roll 684. The 1925 probate proceedings for Charles's estate cite Williams residence in Attleboro; see Essex Co. Probate File 151780.
        68. Wm. Lorenzo Wardrobe death record, Mass. Vital Records, 1935, vol. 68:202.
        69. Charles B. Wardrobe birth record, Mass. Vital Records, 1907, vol. 567: 516, no. 1977. For death date and state of death, see Charles Wardrobe entry, no. 026-01-3194, Social Security Death Index, FamilySearch (Salt Lake City: Family History Library, 1994). The SSDI is drawn from the Social Security Death Benefits Index of the U.S. Social Security Administration. Charles's sister-in-law reports his site of burial; interview with Helena C. Wardrobe, December 1995.
        70. Hildegarde's birth date and her marriage date to Charles appear in the George Wardrobe Bible. Charles's military service, Hildegarde's nativity, and the location of their Marriage is from interview with Helena C. Wardrobe, December 1995.
        71. Dates of birth and death appear in Charles Wardrobe Bible, along with a 13 September 1954 obituary from an unidentified newspaper; also see Bellevue Cemetery records.
        72. Charles Wardrobe Bible; birth records for Melvin Earle Wardrobe, previously discussed; Melvin Earle Wardrobe death record, Mass. Vital Records, 1984, no. 034456.
        73. Wardrobe-Palagi marriage record, Mass. Vital Records, 1939, vol. 4:114; George Wardrobe Bible.
        74. Interview with Helena C. Wardrobe, December 1995.
        75. George E. Wardrobe birth record, Mass. Vital Records, 1872, vol. 241:259; George Ernest Wardrobe death record, Mass. Vital Records, 1957, vol. 60:371, no. 165.
        76. Wardrobe-Wood marriage record, Mass. Vital Records, 1898, vol. 478:395.
        77. Josie Ellen (Wood) Wardrobe death record, Mass. Vital Records, 1964, vol. 69:378, no. 616.
        78. Clarke's had been a Lawrence business since at least 1868, when it was described as "Charles Clarke, Druggist and Apothecary, 91 Essex, corner of Jackson St., Dealer in Drugs, Medicine, and Fancy Goods"; see J. F. C. Hayes, History of the City of Lawrence (Lawrence: E. D. Green, 1868), 48.
        79. Interview with Phyllis Cass (née Wardrobe) (MacLean) Marsh, Venice, Fla., October and November 1995; Mrs. Marsh was a daughter of George Ernest and spoke from personal knowledge.
        80. Interview with Phyllis Marsh. For the photo, see Beverly Allison Kelley, Lexington: A Century of Photographs (Lexington: Lexington Historical Society, 1980), 132: "For many years known as Wardrobe's Pharmacy, this building was once a grocery store and post office for the residents of East Lexington. It is still standing today on the east corner of Curve Street."
        81. Charles Wardrobe Bible.
        82. Interviews with Muriel's sister, Phyllis Marsh, October and November 1995.
        83. Phyllis Cass Wardrobe birth record, Mass. Vital Records, 1906, vol. 558: 521, no. 2181 (also Record of Births, City of Lawrence, Book 11: 111); Phyllis C. Marsh death record, Fla. Office of Vital Statistics, no. 5229054 (local file no. 1717), Tallahassee.
        84. Death certificate of Daniel Fraser MacLean, registration no. 672, issued 26 November 1965 by Town Clerk, Lexington, Mass.; original in possession of this writer, Daniel's daughter.
        85. Personal papers of Daniel MacLean, in possession of the present writer, and personal knowledge of writer.
        86. Personal knowledge of the writer.
        87. Hallock Snyder Marsh death certificate, Fla. Office of Vital Statistics, local file no. 201, issued to this writer on 12 June 1990.
        88. Personal knowledge of the writer.
        89. Interviews with Phyllis Marsh, October and November 1995.
        90. Peel of East Dennis, Mass., provided dates from her parents' birth, marriage, and death certificates. Birth and marriage data for Roland and Irene also appear in the Charles Wardrobe Bible.
        91. Charles Wardrobe Bible; Josephine Jennison Wardrobe Norris probate proceedings, Middlesex Co., Mass., probate file 90P2170.
        92. Carl Bulkeley Norris probate proceedings, Middlesex Co., Mass., probate file 451340.
        93. Personal knowledge of the writer.
        94. All of Charles Wardrobe's siblings remained in England. His youngest brother, Tom, a child of seven when Charles left for America, reared a large family of thirteen children, born 1880-99. Some of Tom's children and grandchildren maintained written correspondence with their American cousins, and this ontinues to the present day. In 1989, the writer visited them in Yorkshire for the first time and was welcomed with great fanfareÑnewspaper interviews, photos, parties, and celebrations. However, the last living males with the Wardrobe surname have no sons, and so the name will soon disappear in the English branch of this family as well.

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