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W. A. Wilson and John Heckendorn, Miner’s & Business Men’s Directory for the Year Commencing January 1st, 1856 (Columbia, California: Clipper Office, 1856), 87; image, Internet Archive (archive.org/details/GR_1844/page/n9/mode/2up : accessed 30 January 2026).

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Charles F. Tilghman, editor, Colored Directory of the Leading Cities of Northern California (Oakland, California: Tilghman Printing Company, 1916–17), 115; image, California Genealogical Society, CaliforniaAncestors.org (californiaancestors.org/WordPress/wp-content/files/finding-aids/1916-1917_Colored_Directory.pdf : accessed 30 January 2026).