Charles F. Tilghman, editor, Colored Directory of the Leading Cities of Northern California (Oakland, California: Tilghman Printing Company, 1916–17), 115; image, California Genealogical Society, CaliforniaAncestors.org (californiaancestors.org/WordPress/wp-content/files/finding-aids/1916-1917_Colored_Directory.pdf : accessed 30 January 2026).

Langley’s San Francisco Directory (San Francisco: J. B. Painter Company, 1895), 1844; image, Internet Archive (archive.org/details/langleyssanfranc1895sanf/page/1844/mode/2up : accessed 30 January 2026).

Worley’s General Directory of Dallas, Texas (Dallas: John F. Worley Directory Co., 1918), 245; image, University of North Texas, The Portal to Texas History (texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth806922/m1/241 : accessed 30 January 2026).

Stimpson’s Boston Directory (Boston, Massachusetts: Charles Stimpson, July 1843), 535; image, Internet Archive (archive.org/details/bd-1843/page/534/mode/2up : accessed 30 January 2026).

Springfield City Directory (Springfield, Massachusetts: R. L. Polk & Co., 1902–03), 301.